A report on cultural audit of Mott Macdonald Group Limited

A study on cultural audit of com/aaimagestore/essays/1762371.001.jpg"/> Presented by: Presented to: Date:Contentss 1.Organizational civilization defined 1.1.Cultural Audit and its importance 2.Methodology for cultural Audit 3.Findings 3.1.Weak apprehension of organisational strategic aims 3.2.Evaluations non used at policy doing degree 4.Conclusion 5.Recommendation 6.Appendices 6.1.Vision & A ; Mission 6.2.Strategic planning & A ; rating 6.3.Community engagement 6.4.Marketing 6.5.Financial planning, Monitoring & A ; coverage 6.6.Governance 6.7.Management 6.8.Human resources1. Organizational civilization definedOrganizational civilization plays a critical function in determining behaviour in organisations, there is little agreement on what organisational civilization really is, ne'er mind how it affects behavior and whether it is something leaders can alter. Without recognizing a proper definition for organisational civilization, links to other elements of concern with organisational civilization can non be understood. There is no unambiguous compact on the definition of organisational civilization but it is normally interpreted as â€Å"the manner we do things around here† ( Lilley, 2014 ) . Professor Gerry Johnson, writer of the cultural web, refers to organisational civilization as â€Å"the taken for-granted premises and behaviours that make sense of people’s organisational context and hence contributes to how groups of people respond and act in relation to issues they face† . He goes on to state that, as a consequence, civilization has of import influences on the development and alteration of organisational scheme. In other words, civilization binds scheme to outcomes British anthropologist Edward Tyler ( Tharp, 2012 ) is widely credited with the first ( 1871 ) â€Å"modern† definition of civilization: â€Å"that complex whole which includes cognition, belief, humanistic disciplines, ethical motives, jurisprudence, usage, and any other capablenesss and wonts acquired by adult male as a member of society. Similarly, in May 1, 2013, Michael Watkins ( Watkins, 2013 ) , Co-founder of Genesis advisors, started a treatment on LinkedIn raising a inquiry to specify organisational civilization. More than 300 responses were received including varied position and sentiments on organisational civilization. After reexamining the responses, Watkins concluded that organisational civilizations are dynamic. They shift, incrementally and invariably, in response to external and internal alterations. So, seeking to measure organisational civilization is complicated by the world that you are seeking to hit a traveling mark. But it besides opens the possibility that civilization alteration can be managed as a uninterrupted procedure instead than through large displacements ( frequently in response to crises ) . Finally, a definition by Edgar Schein ( Tharp, 2013 ) of MIT’s Sloan School of Management though general but seems appropriate that organisational civilization is â€Å"a form of shared basic premises that the group learned as it solved its jobs of external version and internal integrating, that has worked good plenty to be considered valid and, hence, to be taught to new members as the right manner to comprehend, believe, and experience in relation to those jobs†1.1. Cultural Audit and its importanceCultural audit can be explained as independent scrutiny of overall values and beliefs on which an organisation is runing. A civilization audit helps find the civilization that presently exists within a company. An effectual workplace civilization audit determines the overall working environment, identifies the unwritten norms and regulations regulating employee interactions and workplace patterns, high spots possible barriers to effectual work patterns and communicating and makes recommendations for turn toing jobs identified. Not merely willit aid retain top performing artists, it provides a design of what attributes to look for in appliers. Culture Audit has become of import after recent dirts in different corporate sector companies. On June 2014, Chartered institute of internal hearers published a study â€Å"Culture and function of internal audit† , in the executive sum-up of the study, Roy Lilley, wellness author and observer mentioned the organisational civilization as affair of public concern. He mentioned the hapless organisational civilization as the root cause of dirts in wellness, fiscal and nutrient sectors among others which have been at a great cost to persons, organisations and states every bit good. He stressed that Board and internal audit would necessitate to concentrate on the hazards that civilization nowadayss.2. Methodology for cultural AuditThe supreme method for carry oning a civilization audit is the desquamation of an executive squad and organisational development research worker. This theoretical account was presented by Mark R. Testa and Lori J. Sipe from San Diego State University, San Diego, USA in their article published in unfastened diary of leading ( Testa, 2013 ) . The singularity of the proposed theoretical account is the ability to associate theory and pattern in a really experiential manner. While the executive squad can prosecute in much of the informations aggregation, the research worker can steer their attempts, minimise prejudice and guarantee the generated consequences are valid. A five-step theoretical account was developed for execution of the civilization audit with this executive team-researcher tandem in head. These stairss include:Designation of the organization’s vision, mission, values, and strategic ends ;A brief narrative on the coveted civilization ;Choice of the audit squad ;Data aggregation ;Interpretation and coverageQuestionnaire was used for understanding the civilization of MottMacdonald group. Questions were prepared as per the guidelines provided by the Mass cultural council ( Council, 2012 ) for appraisal of organisational civilization. Following major cultural countries of MottMacdonald were identified and reviewed as portion of cultural audit.Mission and visionStrategic planning & A ; ratingCommunity engagementPublic dealingssSellingFiscal planning, monitoring and coverageAdministrationManagementHuman Resources3. FindingssBased on the consequences of study, few deficits were observed in organisational civilization of MottMacdonald Group Limited. However, these observations are non of the serious nature which can adversely impact the image and good will of the group but these demands to be considered carefully by the direction of MottMacdonald group. Detailed study questionnaire along with aggregative responses have been given in appendices 6.1 to 6.8 below. The observations which need direction attending are as below ;3.1. Weak apprehension of organisational strategic aimsAlthough, the staff at higher degree places was good cognizant of the organisational aims and ends, but our study revealed that these ends and aims were non clearly communicated to staff at lower degree, resultantly, input taken by these staff in puting strategic aim would non be much beneficial for both the employees and MottMacdonald group.3.2. Evaluations non used at policy doing degreeIt was observed that ratings for effectual planning have been conducted by the MottMacdonald group but these were non used when doing policies. A reappraisal of few policies of the group and consequences of the study conducted by the cultural audit squad revealed the fact that rating consequences were non used in policy and scheme devising.4. DecisionBased on the consequences of study and reappraisal of policies and fiscal statements of MottMacdonald group limited, the overall organisational civilization of the group is rated asâ€Å"GOOD with Risk degree at LOW† However, the direction needs to clearly reexamine the consequences of the study conducted by cultural audit squad in order to input the responses of employees to be used for scheme devising and planning intents.5. RecommendationCultural audit squad urge the direction to reexamine the preparation policies and a clear system of communicating should be introduced in such a manner that employees at lowest degree should understand the aim and ends of the group. Employees at each degree of hierarchy are of import for the organisation and they are the primary trade name embassador of the group hence, they must clearly be known the ends and aims of the group.6. Appendixs6.1. Vision & A ; MissionQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differMission statement is clear, concise and best shows the ground for being of MottMacdonaldvVision statement is so persuasive that it clearly depicts the dreams of MottMacdonald yet to be accomplishedvA proper system is in topographic point to track a chievements with regard to mission and visionvAll the staff including top direction are really clear about mission and vision of MottMacdonaldvDirectors and Board members are good able to show mission and vision of the groupv6.2. Strategic planning & A ; ratingQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differA chiseled strategic program tied to mission and vision is in topographic pointvA formal strategic program is being prepared after regular intervals affecting both board and staffvA formal system of reappraisal is in topographic point for strategic program is in topographic point to get by the changing fortunesvStrategic ends and aims are set in a manner that they are accomplishable and mensurable with clip framesvA SWOT analysis is being on a regular basis conducted to see the bing place of MottMacdonaldvIt is ensured that short term operational programs are linked with strategic program and aims and MottMacdonaldvStrategic ends and aims are understood throughout the organ isation.vA system of regular rating is in topographic point for every operation and planvEvaluations are being used in every phase and type of planningvA system dwelling of appropriate quantitative and qualitative informations aggregation techniques like observation, interviews, written studies, focal point group etc. , is in topographic point to mensurate impact of plansv6.3. Community engagementQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differMottMacdonalds clearly understands the impact of different stakeholders’ perceptual experiences and experiences along with any barriers they encounter and this is used for planning intentsvSchemes are in topographic point to actuate current participants’ to increase the degree of engagement and chances are provided to take more involved function in the MottMacdonaldvMotivating schemes and programs exists to pull farther people to take part in scheme devisingvSchemes are made to make perspective audience including multi-cultural audiences, immature blood and seniorsvPotential and prospective mark audience have been identifies maintaining in position the current resources and other restrictionsvResources have been prioritized based on demands and diverseness of audiencevIt is clear and understood committedness to include all degree of audience in the communityvMottMacdonald is holding a scheme to organize partnership at all degrees to increase engagement in its plansvSurveies, focal point groups and interviews and other rating tools are being used to acquire input from mark communityvA program is in topographic point to get by with all the barriers including cultural, economic, chance and tome restraints and to take the barriers for mark audiencesvChanging demographics and concentrate demands of audiences are being considered on a regular basis and scheme shapers are good informed about the changing demandsv6.4. SellingQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differA well drafted and written one-year selli ng program is in topographic point which has been made in audience with other sectionsvA database has been maintained to track ex-clients, prospective clients and forms of client purchasingvActual gross revenues are being monitored and compared with the selling events and tendenciesvDatabase of mailing and contact list is updated on a regular basisvMottMacdonald is good cognizant of its current strategic place in the market and place and tendencies of full marketvSelling stuffs are good drafted, good designed and aim oriented to specific mark audiencevSelling stuffs are produced for specific audience maintaining in position their cultural normsvWeb site and electronic mailing lists are efficaciously used as selling toolsvA suited sum has been budgeted for sellingvMarketing section is good staffed and appropriate mix of qualified and experient staff is in posted in itvMarketing staff is motivated and a clear coordination and good working relationships exist within themvShort and long term income ends are being set and monitored on a regular basis and progress towards accomplishment is being measured continuouslyvSpecific demands of mark audiences are being targeted to acquire lucifer of demands with the servicesv6.5. Financial planning, Monitoring & A ; coverageQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differAppropriate accounting policies as per the by and large accepted accounting rules are being used while describingvFiscal statements including Statement of fiscal place and income statement are on a regular basis preparedvAnnual operating budget is prepared including all expected grosss and expected disbursals aligned with the schemesvAppropriate accounting package is used for clerking and fiscal coveragevPeriodic reappraisal of income and disbursals is being conducted in the signifier of monthly or quarterly fiscal statements and mid-course accommodationsvCash flows place is being monitored and maintained aligned with the projection of hard currencyvA ll hard currency histories are reconciled monthly.vHistories receivable are being monitored and a system of effectual and timely recovery is in topographic pointvAuthority wise fiscal bounds have been assigned at each and every degree and signers are clear about their boundsvInternal controls and conformity policies are good drafted and documented and communicated at each and every degreevInventory direction system is good equipped to get by with the menace of larceny and abuse of stock listvApplicable Torahs and ordinances are being adhered when fixing paysheet of employeesvEmployees are employed maintaining in position all the relevant Torahs and regulating rules and record maintaining is maintained as per the local and international record maintaining guidelinesvAll the statutory demands of filing of statutory returns, tax write-off from rewards and all applicable revenue enhancements are being adhered as per the applicable jurisprudencevFiscal statements are being prepared by ce rtified and qualified professional comptrollers and are being reviewed by an independent hearer topic to the demands of local jurisprudencevOrg. reviews capital demands and establishes capital precedences yearly at leastvAppropriate insurance coverage is available for all the possible hazards and other controls are available for extenuation of those hazardsv6.6. AdministrationQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differFunctions of board and executive managers are clearly defined and executive managers are being delegated the overall direction and supervising of the companyvLocal applicable Torahs and rules are being adhered in carry oning board and stockholders run intoing along with continuance of director’s offices and elections, re-election, expiration and surrendervBoard has formed commissions and sub-committees with clearly defined duties and governmentsvNewly fall ining board member are given a thorough orientation sing operations, organisation and duties of the m anagersvAttendance regulations for board meeting every bit adheres as per the applicable ordinancesvAppropriate accomplishments and making exists within the BoardvNominations in the board should guarantee appropriate mix and diverseness in signifier of civilization, gender, making and ethnicityvBoard is good cognizant of community and altering demands of the targeted community.vBoard members attend organization’s plans and eventsvBoard members use their other professional links to drive concern towards MottMacdonaldvBoard have appropriate cognition of industry in which MottMacdonald operatesvBoard sets the marks and ends for executive managers and direction squad and help them to accomplish that endsvAll board members give a meaningful fiscal part to the organisation yearlyv6.7. ManagementQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differAttainable and accomplishable competitory ends are being set for the directorsvStaff is being provided with uninterrupted support and prepara tion by the directorsvAppropriate degree of managerial accomplishments exist for the directors and preparations are imparted to them as portion of occupationvBusiness is conducted by the directors in clear and concise affairvDirectors work good as a squadvHigh degree direction works in such a manner that they have become a function theoretical account for their subsidiariesvHigh winner staff is being awarded by the direction and hapless public presentation are good addressed by the directorsvA proper communicating and effectual coordination exists between the staffv6.8. Human resourcesQuestionStrongly holdAgreeDisagreeStrongly differPolices have been formulated for enlisting of employees and all procedures are good defined for the enlisting of best endowmentvHiring procedure is designed in such a manner that it attracts the major parts of the communityvHuman resources are managed by the well qualified persons who are clear about their dutiesvHuman resources policy is in topographic point which covers all the facets of human resources in best suited modevBest suited preparation program is in topographic point for staff and voluntaries every bit goodvStaff is clearly cognizant of what benefits and allowances are available to themvClear occupation descriptions of every staff member is available, updated and communicated to relevant staff and voluntaryvReporting lines are clear and defined and each employee is good cognizant of his coverage seniorvEmployee public presentations are being reviewed and documented after periodic intervals and at least yearlyvCompensation to employees are being paid in conformity with the applicable ordinances and benefits are paid as per the jurisprudencevLocal Torahs about minimal compensation are being adhered in the payments of all staffvVolunteers are being extremely appreciated and be appreciated in a respectful mode for their committednesssvEmployees are being extremely appreciated and considered in sequence planning for higher degree placesv

Making Hard Decisions Questions Essay

Respond to the following questions from chapter 1 on pp12-13. Use this document to respond to the following question using MS Word. Type your responses below each question shown below and use as much space as you need for your response. 1.2 Explain how modeling is used in decision analysis. What is meant by the term â€Å"requisite decision model†? Ans: Modeling is used in decision analysis in several ways. Models facilitate gaining insights of a decision problem that may not be apparent or obvious on the surface. For example, influence diagrams and decision trees are used to represent the decision problem. Hierarchical and network models are used to understand the relationships among different aspects or objectives. Utility functions are used to model the way in which decision-makers value different outcomes and trade off competing objectives. A requisite decision model is a model that can be considered requisite only when no new intuitions emerge about the problem. In simple words, a requisite decision model is a model whose form and content are sufficient to solve a particular problem. Everything required to solve the problem is represented in the model or can be simulated by it (Phillips, 1987, p.37). 1.3 What role do subjective judgments play in decision analysis? Ans: Subjective judgments are important ingredients in decision analysis. Discovering and developing these judgments involves thinking hard and systematically about important aspects of a decision, which forms an essential part of decision analysis. However, it should also be kept in mind that personal insights might be limited and misleading as human beings are imperfect information processors. Thus, it is essential that personal judgments are taken into consideration, and at the same time human cognitive limitations are understood for improved decisions. 1.4 At a dinner party, an acquaintance asks whether you have read anything interesting lately, and you mention that you have begun to read a text on decision analysis. Your friend asks what decision analysis is and why anyone would want to read a book about it, let alone write one! How would you answer? Ans: Decision analysis consists of a framework and a tool kit for dealing with difficult decisions. It is used to help a decision maker think systematically about complex problems and to improve the quality of resulting decisions. Decision analysis offers guidance to normal people working on hard decisions using fundamental principles such as tools to understand the structure of the problem, uncertainties involved and the trade-offs inherent in alternative outcomes. 1.5 Your friend in Question 1.4, upon hearing your answer, is delighted! â€Å"This is marvelous,† she exclaims. â€Å"I have this very difficult choice to make at work. I’ll tell you the facts, and you can tell me what I should do!† Explain to her why you cannot do the analysis for her. Ans: Although decision analysis provides guidance for systematic thinking in hard decisions, it does not mean that it provides an alternative that must be blindly accepted. The decision maker should understand the problem thoroughly. Decision analysis does not relieve the decision maker from the obligations in facing the problem, or replace his or her intuition. Instead of providing solutions, it merely augments the decision maker’s thought process by providing insights into the objectives, trade-offs and uncertainties. Thus, the friend must go through the process of decision analysis to understand the problem which will help in better decisions. 1.10 â€Å"Socially responsible investing† first became fashionable in the 1980s. Such investing involves consideration of the kinds of businesses that a firm engages in and selection of investments that are as consistent as possible with the investor’s sense of ethical and moral business activity. What trade-offs must the socially responsible investor makes? How are these trade-offs more complicated than those that we normally consider in making investment decisions? Recall, from ISEN 667 the financial objective of the firm (maximize the future wealth of the owners of the firm.) Ans: The key question here is: can good environmental performance can be associated with good financial performance? Since socially responsible investing firms do not invest in a broad mix of stocks, one will expect their performance to lag behind other firms in the market. Expenses are higher and management is time-consuming as socially conscious portfolios require increased managerial oversight and research. However, the market performance of these firms tends to be stable in the long run as they do not invest in volatile ventures. Thus, the decision makers must consider the short-term as well as the long terms effects of the decision in their analysis. The trade-offs are more complicated than those that we normally consider in making investment decisions. This is because financial performances are well-defined, whereas there are no clear definitions for environmental performance indicators. Firms thus, find it difficult to measure their financial performance relative to environmental performance. 1.11 Many decisions are simple, preprogrammed, or already solved. For example, retailers do not have to think long to decide how to deal with a new customer. Some operations-research models provide â€Å"ready-made† decisions, such as finding an optimal inventory level using an order-quantity formula or determining an optimal production mix using linear programming. Contrast these decisions with unstructured or strategic decisions, such as choosing a career or locating a nuclear power plant. Ans: Structured decisions are programmable, preplanned decisions which are made under the established situations that are fully understood. There are limited trade-offs and objectives often are not conflicting with other secondary objectives. Unstructured or strategic decisions are often made under situations that are unclear or uncertain. There are multiple trade-offs and objectives to consider which are often conflicting in nature. There is no one particular solution for a strategic decision. Multiple alternatives must be evaluated and the decision chosen might not necessarily produce the best result. What kinds of decisions are appropriate for a decision-analysis approach? Ans: Unstructured decisions are appropriate for a decision-analysis approach as there is no need for decision analysis when the decision is simple or programmable. Complex, hard decisions require systematic thinking, understanding of the problem and awareness of the uncertainties and trades-offs, and thus, are appropriate for decision-analysis approach. Case Situation: Refer to the DuPont and Chlorofluorocarbons case on page 15 and respond to the following questions. 1. What issues would you take into account and why? I would take into account the following issues: (i) Stakeholders’ needs: Stakeholders are of paramount importance. The conflicting issue is that without pleasing customers it is difficult to maximize shareholder returns, while without regulatory support shareholder returns cannot be assured. (ii) Accountability and public perception: Should the firm accept the scientific evidence and make it public? What will be the public reaction? (iii) Environmental responsibility: A complete ban on CFCs would cause severe economic and health problems because of the loss of refrigeration and air-conditioning. The firm is responsible for developing a substitute before a complete ban is implemented. 2. What major sources of uncertainty do you face? (i) Uncertainty of Science: The scientific evidence that CFCs have a detrimental effect on the ozone layer might suffer from certain setbacks. I would assign scientists to focus more on the connection between CFCs and ozone layer. (ii) Development of substitute: It is not certain that the substitute developed for CFCs would be as marketable as CFCs, and would be as efficient as CFCs. This can have direct effects on the performance of the firm. Also, it is uncertain if they will also have a harmful effect on the ozone. (iii) International cooperation: Development of the substitute and subsequent ban of CFCs requires international cooperation which is uncertain. 3. What corporate objectives would be important for you to consider? Do you think that DuPont’s corporate objectives and the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s when CFCs were just beginning to become an issue? Ans: Taking the course of action that maximizes the firm’s profit would be the most important corporate objective of the firm. However, there is also an environmental aspect involved. Thus, we should search for solutions where the needs of both can be satisfied simultaneously. I think the way the company views the problem might have evolved since the mid-1970s from being profit-oriented to a more environmentally sensitive perspective. References Robert. T. Clemen , Terrence Reilly, â€Å"Making Hard Decisions with Decision Tools†, Duxbury Press; 1 edition, Jun 2000

Automating computer usual processes Essay Example for Free

Automating computer usual processes Essay Nowadays, almost all kinds of establishments are relying on computers for automating their usual processes. Most of the manual systems in offices are replaced by the automated systems which use computer technology. Moreover, computers have also diminished the total manual works and the effectiveness of employees has also increased because of the dependence of establishments on computer technology. It helps also to perform the routine business tasks much quicker compared to the manual way of doing things. Computer nowadays is no longer considered a luxury but rather a necessity with the emergence of information technology 1 â€Å"We are in the so-called information age, and every transaction at every phase of the establishments depends on modern computing. † As observed, there are already many manual systems that are being replaced by the computerized ones. Some of these are the payroll, sales and monitoring, point of sale, enrollment, grading, library, and other related systems.. Integration with the people in the society is in demand for progress. The relation field of Information Technology concerns the use of computer-based information system to convert, process, protect, share, store, transmits and retrieve information. Technologies have brought us more advances on personal computer, to build new industries and change the lifestyle of each individual. These advances became more powerful and more productive for simultaneous growth in society and industries. Using Internet is one of the medium of today’s communication, people easily connect in the current events in their community and even outside their places and acquire necessary information in just a short period of time. 2As the saying goes, â€Å"Nothing is permanent than change† so as with Information Technology. This field will continue to prosper and continue to help change lives by improving it. Although most people, especially in the Philippines still prefer the old ways or manual transactions, the future Filipino generations will eventually embrace ch ange and not only that, but also be the one to provide change through the future students and graduates that will courageously take this field. Every bit of information is now considered as a powerful tool hence it should be used and managed with the utmost caution. This mere reason prompts many establishments to produce their own system  that will protect information. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was established to address the existing health condition in the Bicol region. It is a coordinating system involving various institutions in the region with interest in health research. The BCHRD was created upon the partnership with Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS), Regional Development Council (RDC) with the member institutions of : Department of Health (DOH) ,Bicol Regional and Training And Teaching Hospital(BRTTH), Commision on Higher Education (CHED) , Bicol University (BU), Catanduanes State University (CSU), University of Saint Anthony, Ago Medical and Educational Center (AMEC), Atedeo de Naga, University of Nueva Caseres, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Aquinas Univ ersity of Legazpi (AUl), Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Bicol Medical Center, Partido State University (PSU) . The existing health condition in the region necessities the establishment of a strong health research and development (R&D) coordinating system involving various institution in the region with interest in health research. Putting them together to work on consortium arrangement will promote complementation, thereby increase the synergy despite limited resources for R&D undertakings. The Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development (BCHRD) was therefore established to address the afore mentioned concerns. The primarily goal and objective of BCHRD is to institute/strengthen the system collaboration in Bicol to develop and enhance the capacity of research institution within the region which have interest and engage in health related researches, as a strategy to improve the health condition of Bicolanos Specifically the consortium aims to : (a) Undertake and/or spearhead health related Research and Development (R&D) activities; (b) Establish a collaborative system for effective sh aring and utilization of physical, financial and manpower resources among member-institution as well encourage the active involvement of non-members that will fave the way for expanding the membership of consortium; (c) Promote an effective collaboration and harmonious working relationship between among member-institutions in the conduct of researches in health, nutrition related fields; (d) Encourage, generate and provide funds for health –related researches in accordance with the health and nutrition priority  areas/sectors indicated in the plans of the Regional Development Council (RDC) and the Philippine National Health Research System (PNHRS); (e) Develop the capability in manpower, facilities and other infrastructure for health and nutrition and other related researches; (f) Effectively promote the proper utilization of health research findings; (g) Serve as clearing house for all health related researches; (h) Establish linkages/network within and outside the region ; and (i) Institute a mechanism and implement strategies for a sustained visibility of the consortium and ensure a long-term viability of the consortium. Monitoring system is not just used in the field of industry; it has also a very significant role in improving the quality of education in the country (Philippines). Once this technological approach is implemented a full assurance that the aimed quality of educational system will be able to reach its peak of being more organized and well improved system In terms of paper works, these two types of management system can easily manage the projects through having an Proposal monitoring system. Archiving system refers to the process of moving data through an automated storage device that helps the people to access the data easily. Before, an archival record was identified with manuscripts or with written records. Years passed by, archival record refers to recorded information, specifically in paper-based transforming it to automated form method. Implementing an archiving system of records can do task of organizing, monitoring and easy generation of reports. On the other hand, all the Research proposal that are pending, denied or approve must be monitored in order to ease the different operations and functions of organizations. In this study, monitoring system for the research proposal of the institution is the most needed to work to. This system updates the current status of the research project. In addition, monitoring system has a significant role in improving the quality of the implemented projects to be able to reach its goal. Because of its function, they are having problems in a certain field. They seem to have problems in the management of projects from time to time. In addition, the increasing burden of creating and maintaining the archive of projects. Their file storage is full of projects making it a burden when finding a needed project. This study aimed to create a system for the Bicol Consortium for  Health Research and Development. It covered the storing and updating of projects that are processed in the department and al so uploading projects in the system that can be retrieved easily. Statement of objective General Objectives This study aims to develop a research proposal and monitoring management system for the Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. Specific Objectives 1.) To create a system that will facilitate research proposal and monitor status for approval. 2.) To develop a monitoring system for all ongoing researches. 3.) To record all pending, approved and rejected proposals, and ongoing and completed research of the health proponent/researcher. 4.) To create a secure system for monitoring of research proposals and projects. 5.) To generate reports on the status of research projects and proposals. Check the requirements for filing a proposal Keep track of the status of the proposal Keep track of the research’s accomplishments and budgets Monitor progress of ongoing research This study is about Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development. This will cover the checking of requirements the tracking and monitoring of the proposal. It has the overall planning, coordination, and control of a project from beginning to completion. The system records the detailed planning, proposed, on-going and finished projects in the department. Old  files were also scanned and be saved as pdf. The secretary, regional administrator, institution head and all the member of the health research were given privileged to view the system. The employees may ask the administrator of each section if they need files that were in the system. The head administrator provides admin accounts for each section head. The proposal monitoring management system has different sections for the storage of projects (proposed, on-going and finished projects) and it provided easy access to the projects’ status and tracks the finished projects that are archived. Old and new files are archived in this system. The date could only be searched, retrieved and printed. The archive could be searched by date, name etc. As for the proposal monitoring management system, it provided an automated monitoring and checking the status of ongoing research development. It has additional features, like the user is notified for the reminders of the agency; and the system is secured by providing administrator restrictions. On the other hand, the proposed system would not include other health researcher that are not member of the institutions that are part of BCHRD. The study only focused on the automation of storage of all projects that would be made and were done, monitoring its status among various sections of PDMO and provide an automated maintenance plan in monitoring, checking and repairing of items. Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following: Bicol University. College of Science One of the four-fold functions of a university or any academic institution is research. This study will be another contribution to the research achievements of the university. BCHRD (Bicol Consortium for Health Research and Development).This lessened the manual labor of the agency through the use of the system which operates the research projects and monitoring plans for BCHRD. Employee. The system helped the employee to do their job efficiently, properly and effectively. Students This study will serve as an educational  and reference material for their future studies and undertakings. This may also give an idea on making their own versions of the existing software, thus presenting their own modifications. Researchers. This study which is connected to the Research Proposal Monitoring and Management System will improved the researchers’ knowledge in programming skills and their sense of responsibility. Future Researchers. Students who will undertake future research projects can use this study as reference material. This will provide the future researches sufficient information with regards to system development. For better understanding of the study, the following terms were defined operationally or concepltually: Research Proposal an study that request time and fund from instition Monitoring Management System the process of checking the updates and status of ongoing health research Proponent in this study the proponent is the person who is requsting or conducting health researh Storage. , this term refers to the method of storing finished and proposed projects for future use. Secure System in this study this term refers to a system that cannot be easily tamper the information that is stored. EDIT OR E-REVISE NIO Notes 1 The Grolier Encyclopedia of Knowledge, USA: Grolier Incorporated, 1995 (accessed on May 19, 2014 9:05am) 2http://my.safaribooksonline.com/book/information-technology-and-software-development/9788131760291/information-technology-basics/ch008006 (Accessed on: May 20, 2014 2:18PM) â€Å"What is Information Technology?†. Automating computer usual processes. (2016, Apr 18). 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QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MANAGEMENT Research Paper

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS FOR MANAGEMENT - Research Paper Example However, if we analyze the number of cars that travel the road 3-6, we can see that despite the street’s ability to accept 7 thousand cars, there are only 6. The same situation happens on the road 4-8, whose capacity is 8, but it accepts 4 thousand. In total, such difference of both roads gives us the lack of 1+4 = 5 thousands. This means that genuine maximum number of cars that may actually travel from the stadium to the interstate per hour is 33–5 = 28 thousands. These calculations can be easily proved with the help of special statistical program. Hence, QM for Windows gives the following results: The maximum network flow differs from the forecast of Dr. Lee because a member of the University Planning Committee has not taken into account traffic jams and traffic delays. Due to imperfect distribution of cars among the streets, not all roads are taken by the exact number of cars that such streets are able to accept. For instance, the capacity of the road 1-2 is 12000 meanwhile 15000 cars travel by this route. This mismatch will cause traffic jams and the waste of time. These 3000 cars could easily travel by the road 1-4 without jamming, which capacity allows additional flow of cars. 2. If the cost for expanding a street were the same for each street, which street(s) would you recommend expanding to increase the capacity to 33,000? Which streets would you recommend expanding to get the total capacity of the system to 35,000 per hour? In case the price for expanding a street is equal for every road, in order to reach the capacity of 33000 cars, I would recommend expanding the road 1-4 so that it could accept 9000 instead of 6000 cars and the road 1-3, which number of cars would increase from 12000 to 14000. In addition, it is essential to expand any or both streets 6-8 and 7-8 because, taking into account that a node 8 can be reached by three roads,

The Professional Advice to Rio Tinto Japan Assignment

The Professional Advice to Rio Tinto Japan - Assignment Example Rio Tinto launched a damage control and public relations initiative that was meant to arrest the situation and prevent the company from incurring other major losses as a result of the earthquake (http://mcmaweb01.curtin.edu.au/ 2013). Although it was a success to a certain degree, the company accepted that it had been caught grossly unawares and unprepared (just like Japan) and therefore needed to build a level of preparedness that is sufficient to deal with such situations. This paper is aimed at achieving three things: providing professional advice to Rio Tinto Japan on how to handle the issues that arose from the earthquake. This will be basically done in four ways: a) Developing and using decision criteria to justify the choices among the ‘alternative’ courses of action. b) Based on the decision criteria, developing a range of realistic alternatives to address the ‘issues’ identified c) Deciding on a solution to the ‘issues’ derived from the ‘alternatives’. For each ‘alternative’, providing a justification for the solutions chosen or rejected. d) Providing realistic suggestions on how those ‘solutions’ could be implemented at Rio Tinto. ... It is my intention to avoid making a similar mistake when writing this paper, by being clear and objective with my points and presentations. At the end of this paper, I hope to have come up with a feasible and practical framework to guide Rio Tinto not only on how to handle the effects of the earthquake, but also to build a level of preparedness that makes it capable to deal with a broad range of disasters if and when they happen. I also hope to provide the company with invaluable advice on how to approach the issue of disaster management as a whole, and not just earthquakes. The company will, therefore, be able to avoid a similar scenario in the future. Decision Criteria a) Before formulating the decision criteria, it is important to outline the choices among the ‘alternative’ courses of action and accompany them with the appropriate decision criteria. Choices among the ‘alternative’ sources of action Decision Criteria Training employees on disaster prepare dness Awareness on how to react in case of a disaster. Conducting regular ‘drilling’ exercises Alertness and readiness in case of disasters Reconstruction of the office building to make it capable of withstanding certain disasters The office building should act as a buffer itself by protecting inhabitants from the initial effects of disasters. Acquiring and installing equipment to facilitate safety in case of disasters Warning mechanisms, protective equipment Improving and building communication Facilitate the sharing of information despite the occurrence of a disaster, hence making it easier to pursue courses of action.  

HR Factors that Affect Quality of Customer Service in the Banking Essay - 1

HR Factors that Affect Quality of Customer Service in the Banking Industry in the UAE (National Bank of Abu Dhabi) part 2 - Essay Example This factor become and acts as a challenge for the businesses which gives customer satisfaction a lot of emphasis. There have been different studies in the past that has aimed at studying the minds of the customers however still date the minds of the customers has remained a mystery. In the present study the aim to study the customer satisfaction of the customers of the banks of United Arab Emirates. In particular the study focuses on the customer satisfaction of the customers of national bank of Abu Dhabi. In analyzing the factors behind the customer satisfaction and the quality of customer service provided by the employees of the bank the role of human resource in particular is identified. The study is aimed at studying if the human resource factors at all determine the quality of service provided by the employees of the bank to the customers. In order to understand the function of hr in ensuring that the quality of customer service is upheld the research focuses to study the matte r both on the qualitative and quantitative lines. As process of trying to find the impact the research first tries to find out the view of different researchers regarding the issue. After doing the literature review in order to analyze the view point of different researchers on the matter the next step that has been taken to carry the research forward is to analyze the primary data that is collected through survey of the customers to understand whether the customers are satisfied with the quality of the customer service provided by the banks. After analysis of the customer service that the bank provides to the customers of the bank the factors of the human resource and the effect that human resource has on the quality of service that the employees of the bank provides to the customers of the bank. As per the research it is found out that the lack

Managing Behaviour in the Classroom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Behaviour in the Classroom - Essay Example Few of them are private or public schools that are attended by minority of the children. Other than this, there are schools that are operated by charities and the children’s fee is paid by local authorities. (Cameron, 1998) Due to the range of types of pupil that are enrolled in schools all over the state it becomes difficult to adopt a specific strategy for all of them. Therefore, the class behaviour has become a challenge for the administration. The challenging behaviour of the students in the class is considered the most stressful part of the teaching. It is the one and only aspect of school life that most likely becomes a challenge for most of the teachers. The fact to be considered is that great teaching is all about the relationship that is built between a teacher and a student. This means there is no magical formula that can transform the poor behaviour of the class into a class that holds a proper decorum and sophistication. However, if the management improves this problem then there would be widespread benefits not only on small scale, for schools and colleges, but also on the massive level i.e. the society. The problematic behaviour in the classroom affects a very wide variety of people. It also varies in a wide range from threatening the security and attainments of the other students to the source of stress for staff as well. Some of the behavioural problems can be unhealthy for the learning experience for a particular person of the group. Also, there are few misbehaviour types that the professionals have to go through while teaching post graduate students. For instance, attention-seeking behaviour is the type in which students usually interrupt others while speaking. Another misconduct type is the inappropriate conversations that include topics like alcohol, drugs, and sex etc. The next type is defiance in which students tend to challenge the authority by not refusing or not complying with their commands. Other than this, inappropriate

Behavioural Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Behavioural Economics - Coursework Example Economics by definition involves a study in which the structures, manners, standards, and trends through which resources are allocated. Organization in economics is debatable, as there is no limitation to the strategies that may be employed by stakeholders to gain an edge over the competition. Economics is perceived as being a practice and academic undertaking. Economics has varied interpretations and in some instances, perceived as a theory. The most popular definition of economics is a discipline that studies â€Å"the organisation of economic activities in society†. There are several queries that arise from the definition of economics concerning the elements and aspects of the discipline, such as the production quantities limits, pricing of products, and generally how one may make money from engaging in such activities. Considering the definition provided, the ‘economics’ of regions vary depending on the values, virtues, and preferences of the society in questi on. This draws interest to the concepts of capitalism and socialism, among others. The mode and trends of decision-making is a determinant of the economic system in the society. The ‘economic problem’ is sourced from this approach instilled in society. The concept of the economic problem involves â€Å"how to satisfy desires, and/wants with scares means. Be it as stated above, institutions operating under a similar economic model may not share the economic problem, as each institution has a different perception. The meaning of this argument is that economics is a rationalized concept that is predetermined by the subject. The definition of the economic problem is parallel to the definition of an economic good. An economic good is defined as anything that is both scares and desirable, which further complicates the concept of economics, since even straightforward

Why Might The Rapid Expansion Of Trade And Foreign Direct Investment Essay

Why Might The Rapid Expansion Of Trade And Foreign Direct Investment In The Asia Pacific Be The Main Driver Of Economic Change In The Asia Pacific - Essay Example FDI-induced trade is an important component of international business of the multinational companies. Kawai and Urata (2002) states that at the time of pre-crisis ‘miracle’ period, the percentage share foreign trade in the (GDP) gross domestic product was significantly higher for upcoming market economies in Asia Pacific than for other emerging economies in other parts of the globe. Generally, new developments have been experienced in the international economic activities of the Asia Pacific economies since 1980s. For example, between 1980 and 1977, the share of East Asia’s foreign trade in GDP increased at significantly greater rates. Currently, the region is more economically integrated with other parts of the world than with itself. Since FDI and trade are more of complementary to each other than substitutes, large inflows of FDI to Asia Pacific have increased the region’s participation in international trade. A combination of FDI and international trade has therefore become the main driver of economic change in the Asia Pacific. The rise in the levels of FDI in Asia Pacific can be attributed improved regional and global economic environment. For example, emergence of global markets and globally integrated production, accelerated technological change and existence of investment treaties between Asia Pacific and other countries. There are other reasons why the rapid expansion of trade and FDI in the Asia Pacific might be the main driver of economic change in the Asia Pacific. First, there has been reduced lending from commercial banks due to debt crisis. This has caused economies of the Asia Pacific to reform their investment policies so as to attract foreign capital. The economic changes can therefore be linked to economic benefits gained from FDI as an attractive alternative to loans from commercial bank. Moran (1998) observes that FDI is the most stable and strong source of external finance for countries that are developing in th e Pacific and Asian regions. In agreement with this, Rajan (2005) states that FDI is a source of supplementary capital that is productive. This therefore denotes that it is a scarce source of capital in terms of deep structural changes of an economy. Rajan (2004) and Nunnenkamp (2004) point out that FDI is an advanced form of international cooperation. It is therefore one of the most effective ways of integration and transforming a local/national economy into a global one. One of the major advantages of FDI is that it helps in facilitating economic development of the country where the investment is done. In other words, the host country. This scenario is mainly applicable for developing economies like that found among countries comprising the Asia Pacific. FDI normally favours an increase in the foreign-trade turnover of the receiving country, lead to diversity of production, technical and scientific collaboration forms, and expansion trade in volume. This is to say that the higher levels of FDI in a country, the higher the chances of that country engaging foreign trade. Such multinational companies will be exporting their produce to other global markets. FDI flows that are induced/stimulated by transnational corporations (TNCs) investing in Asia Pacific have had great economic significance in the region. They have brought in technological know-how, attracted capital flows, created global production networks, and introduced advanced managerial,

Academic skills Essay Example for Free

Academic skills Essay Academic skills are also very much emphasised in Singapores educational policy as our government values meritocracy. Achieving academic excellence is top priority for all school children in Singapore. Hence, many parents are still not in favour of a play-centred curriculum, as they fear this will not help their children to achieve academic success. With ranking of schools performance and learning outcomes; teachers and parents are compelled to neglect play in favour of more school-like activities. Similar to the American context as mentioned earlier, Singaporean parents send their children to many enrichment activities to help them to be outstanding in academic studies as well as extra-curricular activities such as music and golf lessons. As a result, children are much deprived of free play. Many children have not acquired the art of making friends and even the ability to make friendly contacts (Tan et al, 1997) The foregoing examples demonstrate that parental perspectives, socio-economic status, cultural factors, and educational policies are some issues that could negate the value and importance of play to childrens development and be viewed as having no real educational experiences (Leong Bodrova, 2003, pp. 5). On the contrary, Hughes (1999, p. 109) advises that play is very often the context in which the needs of a growing child are developed and enhanced. It is vital to the development of all facets of the young child personal awareness, emotional well-being, socialisation, communication, cognition, and perceptual motor skills (Hughes, 1999, p. 62-64, 68-69, 81-109 111). There are numerous play processes that help develop these many facets in the young child. Infant games such as peek-a-boo, making funny faces in front of a mirror, and water play in bathtub promote adult-child relationship. Playing also encourages and strengthens awareness of self and others; thus, it facilitates the development of a childs image of himself and others. Indeed, they are not meaningless play especially when adults play with children, the latter will find adults more fun to be with; it is easier to form attachment that leads to securely attached children. Secure attachment is vital to the growing child: it gives him trust and confidence in his environment; it enables him to venture, explore, and learn about his surroundings (Hughes, 1999, p. 196-197, Gonzalez-Mena Eyer, 2001, p. 77-79). Therefore, open-ended materials such as blocks enable the child to exercise spatial awareness concepts, perceptual skills, eye-hand coordination as well as pretend play and creative imagination (Van Hoorn Nourot, p.255-256). Children use mathematical skills and science concepts and ideas to further expand their creativity in their construction with blocks; they will add details and complex structures to their block play (Isenberg Jalongo, 1997, pp. 275-277). Children make use of their bodies and motor skills to move and stack up blocks that is beneficial to their physical development and strategic planning. Much creativity, divergent thinking, and cognitive skills are developed as children engage in pretend play. Thus, children should not be viewed as just playing. Their minds and thoughts are actively involved as they prepare their own scripts and collaborate to direct their play. They plan, negotiate roles and actions, agree and remind each other about the rules they have made. During pretend play, children get to practise their social skills. For instance, when children are unable to agree to play hospital or grocery store, they compromise by combining both. Hence, children play and learn to problem solve (Leong et al, Mar 2003, Rogers et al, 1998).

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay

Since X Ray Was Discovered Health And Social Care Essay Since x-ray was discovered by Roentgen in 1895, its medical application has grown to be a fast and dynamic imaging modality. Todays imaging department consists of an impressive array of diagnostic and therapeutic devices from x-ray machines, CT Scan, PET Scan, linear accelerator, which mainly use ionizing radiation for diagnosis and treatment of illnesses; and with the addition of ultrasound and MRI that use sound waves and magnets for diagnosis instead of x-rays. Thus, radiology is considered as the window of the healthcare institution and the radiologic technologists are the persons behind these state-of-the art machines. In the x-ray department, one of the divisions of radiology department, the x-ray machines are used for diagnoses of illnesses. For 100 years the film-screen system has been the imaging system of choice. This system uses radiographic film, screen and wet chemistry to generate an image just like conventional photography. Every RTs goal is to provide high quality images for accurate diagnosis; therefore each step is very critical. The RT must be equipped with knowledge and skills from anatomy, positioning and exposure techniques. One slight mistake can imperil the image and yields an unacceptable radiograph which entails repeat examination that primarily means additional radiation dose to the patient. This is one of the disadvantages of a film-screen system wherein once the film has been processed; there is no way to alter it. What you see is what you get. Fortunately, with the growing technology of imaging modalities came the introduction of digital imaging which follow the same concep t as digital cameras wherein brightness and contrast of the image can be changed and images can now be cropped. Its advantage compared to film-screen is very obvious, since images can be altered, repeat examinations, oftentimes is no longer necessary. The technology is superb and its debut has grown the curiosity of every RT whether it is efficient compared to the traditional system. And of course, it is. However, as with every other technology has its drawback. Since the new technology primarily uses computer and computer-aided equipments oftentimes do the entire job. The question lies wherein will the competence of the RT in terms of exposure technique factors be same as using the conventional way? Several international studies stated that because of the convenience of the system, the RTs using the machine oftentimes fail to consider the standard protocols in every technique selection because images can be manipulated later. Alteration of images from time to time should not be a daily scenario because manipulation sometimes interfere accurate diagnosis. As of the researchers knowledge, there are no known local related studies in the decline of RTs competence in using CR. One of the reasons may be this modality is still in the stage of introduction in the Philippines and that its implication is not yet intensively studied. But this does not stop the researchers to seek of finding out if there is indeed a decline in RTs competence with the new system. This study is a comparative-correlational research in determining the level of radiographic competence between film-screen system and CR on exposure technique factor selection. The main objectives of the researchers are to compare if there is a significant difference in terms of radiographic competence in the RT who uses film-screen from CR and to determine if the respondents profile and agency has a significant relationship in terms of radiographic competence. Base on the result of the study, the researchers will be able to assess the essential skills needed for the profession. Technolo gy indeed has helped us in many ways. However, without the competence of the professional manipulating the equipment is futile. This means that the technologist who has the sole responsibility of manning the state-of-the art equipment should not rely from technology, instead technology should rely on them. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This study primarily aims to compare the level of radiographic competence on exposure technique factor selection between film-screen system and computed radiography (CR). Exposure technique factor selection is an important foundation for these two types of image receptor (IR) or imaging system. Image receptor is a device that converts x-rays into visible light. Competence should not vary whether the radiologic technologist (RT) is using the conventional or digital system, otherwise, it will defeat the intensive study of the exposure techniques during the undergraduate years. Furthermore, providing appropriate exposure techniques is paramount in the profession since these techniques also mean radiation dosage on the part of the patient. According to Fauber Johnston (2012), the radiographers actions at the control panel directly determine the nature and the make-up of the x-ray beam. This means that the selected exposure technique factor is directly proportional to patient dose. In ad dition, it is the responsibility of the radiographer to learn the philosophy, factors and methods that minimizes ionizing radiation exposure to the patient (Callaway, 1996). This also means that an RT is providing quality patient care when he/she gives an adequate and necessary amount of radiation to the patient. Competence in Radiologic Technologist Klemp (1980) defined competence as an underlying characteristic of a person which results in effective and/or superior performance on the job. A competent person is imbued with the right knowledge, skills and attitude on a particular task. Other authors define competence as a cluster or related knowledge, skills, and attitudes that reflects a major portion of ones job, which has a relationship in the performance on the job that can be measured with well-accepted standards, and that can be improved with training and development (Parry, 1996). In radiologic technology, for example, an newly licensed RT already possess cognitive and motor skills at an entry level, however, it can only be enhanced through proper and consistent training in a chosen specialized field during the course of his/her work as an RT. Knowledge, Skills, Attitude As mentioned, competence is a combination of knowledge, skills and attitudes. These components are essential as a whole because the absence of one component greatly affects ones performance. According to Dowd (1996), knowledge as part of competence includes theories and concepts which were gained as a result of the experience of performing certain tasks. Furthermore, in the field of radiologic technology he added that knowledge includes job-specific terminology, methods of organizing information and an understanding of principles and generalizations. On the other hand, Hans Reynold in 1928 defined skill as combined mental and physical qualities which make it useful to industry. Knowledge if combined with skills is important in the workplace. Furthermore, one cannot develop a skill without knowledge and at higher levels, knowledge are converted to skills (Klieme, 2004.) The last component that determines competence is the attitude. The attitude such as beliefs, values, traits, and motives is a part of competence because it indicates the persons response to a particular event or situation. Attitude refers to the predisposition or mental state of individuals/users towards a product, ideas, or attributes. It also implies on mental readiness on a particular object or his attributes toward an object or his preferences. (Hulse Dowd, 1996). In the field of radiologic technology, competence does not only mean that the RT is equipped with the knowledge and skills but RT is also imbued with the right attitude and judgment to provide each patient with quality care On Radiographic Competence In the field of radiologic technology, one aspect of the profession requires competent skills in radiographic exposure factor technique. The said competence is essential especially in the diagnostic x-ray imaging, wherein exposure factors are the key to accurate diagnosis and providing radiation dosage to minimum level. For 100 years, film-screen technique has been the method of choice in radiographic imaging (Bushong 2009). Film-screen system uses radiographic films, radiographic intensifying screens and wet chemistry to make the image visible. Furthermore, this conventional system should adhere to the standards of the darkroom requirements. Film-screen system has the same concept as a typical conventional camera. In a film-screen technique, radiologic technologist should be certain on the exposure factors to be applied in a particular exposure because improper selection of exposure factors can lead to overexposure or underexposure of the film. Overexposure or underexposure degrades image quality and therefore, it can lead to rejection of film, thus necessitates the need for repeat examination. Repeat examination provides unnecessary dose to the patient and additional costs to the department. On the other hand, as with the other innovations in technology, diagnostic imaging has shifted its course from conventional to digital. Computer applications are employed nowadays in diagnostic imaging modalities. An appropriate analogy that is easy for most people to understand is the replacement of typical film cameras with digital cameras: images can be taken, immediately examined, deleted, corrected, and cropped, and subsequently sent to a network of computers. Computed radiography system (CR) is an affordable solution to digital imaging. Instead of the film, CR employs an imaging plate to capture x-rays and makes it visible when the plate is scanned into a computer and digitized it. Once the image is converted to data, it can be recorded on a laser printed film or can be transmitted and stored digitally. It has special features like manipulation or enhancement of the image. Its specialized software is used to image viewing with enhanced functions similar to film-screen system, s uch as contrast, brightness, and zoom. (dicomsolutions.com, 2011). Computed radiography has practical technical advantages compared with conventional techniques, such as wide contrast dynamic range, post-processing functionality, multiple image viewing options, and electronic transfer and archiving possibilities. In this system, image quality can be achieved because of the post-processing techniques that are not possible with film-screen system. This system is convenient for the technologists because the RT can compensate for exposure technique inaccuracies by adjusting the technique during post-processing phase of the image rather than that time of exposure. In radiologic technology field, competence means that the RT is equipped with the knowledge, skills, attitude and judgment to provide each patient with quality care. According to Olavidez (2005), competence is essential in the field of Radiologic Technology because RT is a fast growing profession; RT deals with human lives and most of all, the RT curriculum is not enough to prepare the students to be equipped with the skills necessary for the profession especially in the special fields of radiologic technology. For an RT to become competent, he/she should have undergone formal educational background followed by specialized training in their chosen field that takes months. As an RT, he/she should have comprehensive knowledge and skills in patient care, radiologic procedures and radiation dosage. Exposure Technique Factors Exposure technique factors influence and determine the quantity and quality of x-radiation to which the patient is exposed (Bushong, 2009). Kilovolt peak (kVp), milliamperage (mA), exposure time and source-to-image distance (SID) are the principal exposure technique factors. Furthermore, the said factors also affect image quality. Milliamperage and exposure time are the exposure factors that affects the quantity of radiation. Milliampere is the measure of x-ray tube current, whereas milliampere-second (mAs) is the produce of exposure time and exposure tube current. They directly affect the optical density (OD) of the film. Optical density is the overall blackening of the film. The darker the film, the higher number of x-rays is given to the patient. The higher the number of x-rays that are the given to the patients, the greater the radiation dosage they receive. Source-to-image receptor distance also affects the quantity of the radiation. The closer the patient is to the x-ray source, the higher dosage the patient gets. For chest x-ray, the standard SID is 72 inches, while for the other x-ray examinations, the standard SID is 40 inches. Kilovoltage peak (kVp), directly affects the quality of radiation. kVp is the maximum electric potential that travels across the x-ray tube. Since kVp affects the quality of th e x-ray beam, it also affects the quality of the radiographic image. Kilovoltage directly affects contrast. Contrast is the variation of densities on the film. The advantage of using higher kVp is that the patient will receive lower dosage of radiation because it will not be absorbed. However, higher kilovoltage produces more scatter radiation, thus increases the transmission of x-rays to the image receptor and degrades image quality. The best techniques to prevent scatter radiation are using beam restrictors such as collimator to filter low energy x-rays and to cut-off low energy rays using radiographic grids. By employing beam restrictors and grid will enhance image contrast because scatter radiation will be prevented. Furthermore, scatter radiation will also provide unnecessary dose to the patient. Therefore, exposure technique factor selection is essential. To provide quality radiographs and to limit patients to radiation should be a goal for every RT. According to Bushong (2009), RTs are required to use their skills to produce the best possible image with single exposure (Bushong, 2009). Otherwise, repeat examination will provide unnecessary radiation dose to the patient. Therefore, it is necessary for the RT to be equipped with knowledge and skills to manipulate these exposure technique factors to produce desired optical density, contrast, and image detail on the finished radiograph. RT in Film-Screen System In conventional film-screen system, before each examination, the radiologic technologist must select the optimum radiographic technique factors- kVp, mA, and exposure time (Bushong 2009). There are many considerations to determine the value of each factor and they are complexly interrelated. Contrast and Density are the photographic factors of the radiograph and it functions to make the image visible. Visibility of image is important so that anatomical image will appear for proper diagnosis. After each exposure, there is no way to manipulate its contrast and density and thats what makes film-screen system difficult as inadequate contrast or density entails repeat examination. Since manipulation of the image is not possible in this system, the RT should be certain with the technique factors prior to the exposure; otherwise, miscalculations can result to underexposure or overexposure. In a film-screen system, overexposure and underexposure of the image is considered unacceptable becaus e the important structures are not visible and thus it is not a tool for proper diagnosis. In other words, image quality is dependent on exposure factors. RT in Computed Radiography In CR system, image quality is not dependent on exposure factors. Digital image is unrelated to dose, kVp becomes less important. Since, image quality is not dependent on exposure factors, image can be manipulated. In a conventional system, the film serves as both image acquisition and display medium. With CR, the image plate serves as the acquisition medium but does not display the image. Since these functions are separate in CR, the digital signal can be altered to compensate for underexposure or overexposure and an acceptable image can be displayed on the monitor (Shephard, 2003). With CR system, post-processing is possible that helps enhance image thus allowing the RT to alter image contrast and density. Since image can be manipulated or modified, underexposure or overexposure is no longer a problem with this system, because it can usually salvage variations from the optical technique, whereas technical error with a screen-film system often requires a repeat exposure (Pizzutiello , 1993; Cesar, 1997). Therefore, with CR, technical errors are eliminated because of exposure variances that are possible with salvageable results, assuming adequate kilovoltage is used (Ballinger, 1999). On Assessment of RT Competence In order to know the competence of a professional, assessment plays a vital role. Assessment is important so as to evaluate if the RT is still competent to do the job. Since we are in the era of rapid technology, it may come to a point that we will just put our confidence on computers rather than our competence. According to Olavidez (2005), competence is an observable ability and it can be measured against set of standards. Assessment of competence is a combined knowledge, skills, and attitudes that reflect the current work practice. Furthermore, it can bridge the gap between workplace requirements and standard. Selection of exposure technique factor is of extreme importance because RT deals with exposing patients to radiation. Exposure technique factor is equivalent to the quality and the quantity of radiation that exits the patient, therefore, the RT should be precise in giving exposure technique factors. Providing appropriate radiation dose is necessary to prevent the patients from the hazards of the ionizing radiation, therefore prior to the exposure of the patient, accurate exposure techniques should be practiced. The issue of providing accurate techniques lies in a digital system, wherein images can be manipulated during post-processing. According to Fredrick Walker (medicalimagingmag, 2008), a radiologic technologist at Sharp Rees-Stealy in San Diego, CA, he pointed out if the image is too dark, we can manipulate the image using post-processing techniques like windowing or shadowing or to adjust contrast without having to repeat the examination. Furthermore, since image can be manipul ated during post-processing, it can encourage complacency rather than accuracy with exposure techniques which can result in overexposed or underexposed images (Medicalxray, 2010). In addition, according to Enfinger (2012), that it is true that the image can be adjusted, however, it is not recommended because the raw data from the initial exposure will contain information from scatter radiation that degrades image quality even if it is manipulated later. According to Shephard (2003), it is likely that digital imaging will replace conventional screen-film radiography in many modern medical imaging centers in the near future. It has already been stated that even if the image can be manipulated during post-processing, this should not be a practice because somehow it can deteriorate image quality which results in inaccurate diagnosis. One retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone lumbar spine radiographs for the diagnosis of osteoporosis compare diagnostic accuracy with screen-film versus digital radiography. The authors suspected that bone mineral loss could be more easily visible with screen-film imaging due to the fact that image contrast cannot be adjusted with this modality, whereas CR (and DR) images undergo digital post-processing techniques to maximize contrast. This could result in misleading results that confound diagnostic strength in osteoporosis. Therefore, this is a challenge now for the RT to maintain their competence amidst the aid of technology. Competence of RT is the foundation of providing quality patient care by providing appropriate radiation dose for accurate diagnosis. Synthesis The focus of the literature and studies cited was the radiographic competence of RT between film-screen system and computed radiography and it is through this study that the researchers can identify and compare whether their competence will differ based on the image receptor that is being used. In addition, competence in exposure technique factors is essential because this will also mean radiation dose to the patient. It has already been affirmed that the concept has been there for the past few years and therefore the present study is certainly not a new concept. Nevertheless, the researchers deemed it necessary to conduct a study assessing the competence of the RT for the benefit of the institution where they belong because the researcher wants to propose a professional program that could strengthen the foundation of the RTs. It is also important for the school to offer the programs since almost the RT from the different hospitals in Davao City are products of this institution. This study is similar to the other studies cited in this section because it stated on the effects of digital imaging on the radiographic competence of the RTs. Furthermore, previous studies dealt with the effects of image manipulation on image quality and it indirectly link to the competence of the RTs. Conceptual Framework In this view, the researchers attempted to assess the level of radiographic competence of the RTs in terms of knowledge, skills and attitude. Through assessing the competence of the RTs, the researchers are able to determine the level of radiographic competence; their strengths and weakness of radiographic techniques. On the other hand, the researchers identified the factors that can affect their competence, such as the respondents demographic profile in terms of age, sex, number of years in service and educational attainment and the profile of institution such as agency and its classification are also considered. To have a vivid picture of the study, Figure 1 served as the research paradigm SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Independent Variables Dependent Variables Factors Respondents Profile Age Number of years in service Agency Private Public Image Processing Film-Screen System Computed Radiography Level of Radiographic Competence Knowledge Skills Attitude Figure 1 Schematic Diagram showing the relationship between the independent and dependent variables STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The study aims to compare the level of radiographic competence in using a film-screen system and computed radiography on exposure technique factor selection; specifically it aims to answer the following questions: What is the respondents profile in terms of: Age Number of years in service What is the agency of the healthcare institutions in terms of: Private Public What is the level of the respondents radiographic competence in using film-screen system on exposure technique factor selection in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude What is the level of the respondents radiographic competence in using computed radiography on exposure technique factor selection in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude Is there a significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of radiographic competence in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude Is there a significant relationship between the agency of healthcare institution and the level of radiographic competence in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude Is there a significant difference in the level of radiographic competence between film-screen system and computed radiography in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude HYPOTHESES There is no significant relationship between the respondents profile and the level of radiographic competence in terms of: Age Number of years in service There is no significant relationship between the agency of the healthcare institution and the level of radiographic competence in terms of: Public Private There is no significant difference in the level of radiographic competence between film-screen system and computed radiography in terms of: Knowledge Skills Attitude DEFINITION OF TERMS Accuracy- refers to the degree of conformity of a measured or calculated value to its actual or specific value. Computed Radiography- is an affordable solution of digital imaging system that uses a photostimulable phosphor as the image receptor. Digital Radiography- an all-digital technique in which x-ray absorption is quantified by assignment of a number to the amount of x-rays reaching the detector; this is also called as cassetteless system. Exposure- measure of ionization produced in air by x-rays or gamma rays. Exposure Factor Selection. It is the factor set by the radiographer (kVp, and mAs) to produce visibility of structures in the radiograph. Film Screen System- is the conventional image receptor that uses radiographic film, radiographic intensifying screen and wet chemistry to visualize the image in the radiograph. Image receptor- is a device that converts x-ray beam into visible image. Level of Radiographic Competence- refers to the measure of the level of competence of the radiologic technologist in achieving goals and objectives in providing quality radiographs with minimum radiation dose to patients. Private hospital- is a hospital owned by a profit company or a non-profit organization and privately funded through payment for medical services by patients themselves. Public hospital- is a hospital which is owned by the government and receives government funding. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study seeks to determine if there is a significant difference on the level of the respondents radiographic competence in exposure technique factor selection between film-screen system and computed radiography; and to determine if there is a significant relationship on the level of radiographic competence between respondents profile and agency. Based on the results of this study, the researchers can identify the strengths and weaknesses of the RTs and if it shows significant decline in the competence of the RT in the CR system, the researchers will propose an enhancement program for the professionals. The said program will also be a part of the Continuing Professional Education (CPE), and it will be added to the CPE units needed to renew RT licenses. This study will be most helpful to the radiology department of the hospital to enhance Health Care Delivery by limiting radiation dose to the patients. Furthermore, determining the attitude toward the imaging system will help the department to reevaluate the mental and the emotional state of the RTs. Mental and Emotional state of the RT are important since they are dealing with patients. It is the responsibility of the RT to render quality patient care by providing appropriate radiation dose. Furthermore, this study will also be of most helpful to the schools offering radiologic technology as to intensify the foundation of the students in terms of exposure technique factors. Based on the result of the study, there may be a need to revise the curriculum to further intensify the skills of the RT students. Computed Radiography is not a part of the standard RT curriculum, and it may be one factor that affects the decline of competence on the part of the professional as well as the students. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY This portion discusses the research design used, the research locale where the study will be conducted, the description of samples and the sampling technique, the instrument used, the details of procedure and the statistical analysis to answer the research problem. Research Design The study will employ a comparative-correlational research. To determine the difference between the level of competence in film-screen system and computed radiography, comparative study will be used. Furthermore, to determine the relationship between the respondents profile and agency between the levels of the radiographic competence, correlational design will be employed. Setting The study will be conducted from the selected hospitals in Davao, Digos and Tagum City employing either film-screen system and computed radiography. The hospitals using film-screen system are the following: Alexian Brothers Health and Wellness Center, Km. 4, McArthur Highway, Matina, Davao City; Davao Regional Hospital, located at Apokon, Tagum City 8112 and Davao Del Sur Provincial Hospital which is located at Lapu-lapu St. Digos, City Davao Del Sur. On the other hand, the hospitals using the computed radiography system are the following: Davao Doctors Hospital (DDH), E. Quirino Ave., Davao City; Southern Philippines Medical Center (SPMC), J.P Laurel Ave., Bajada, Davao City and Davao Medical School Foundation and Hospital (DMSF), Medical Drive, Bajada, Davao City. Participants The respondents of the study are the Registered Radiologic Technologists and Associate X-ray Technologists coming from the selected hospitals in Davao City employing a film-screen and computed radiography system. Moreover, the qualified respondents should be at least six months in service at the time of the evaluation. Measures The research assessment is composed of four parts. The first part of the assessment consists of questions pertaining to the profile of the respondents and hospital. The second part consists of questions on the respondents level of knowledge on exposure technique factor selection. The questions are specifically structured in such a way that assesses the respondents acquired knowledge on technique selection. Based on the results, the attitude in terms of respondents response in both film-screen and CR system will be categorized as follows depending on their mean score: Points Obtained Qualitative Description 30-25 Very High 20-24 High 15-19 Moderately High 10- 14 Low 13- 0 Very Low INTERPRETATION The aforementioned assessment form that will be used as instrument of the study is constructed and designed by the researchers as to measure the basic knowledge in exposure technique factor selection regardless of the imaging system used. Its validity and reliability was attested by experts of the field. Moreover, the third part of the assessment is an actual evaluation wherein the respondents are observed during x-ray examination. They will be assessed in the actual selection of the exposure technique factor and the outcome of the image. The said assessment is a point system; the appropriate the RT performs in technique factor selection and the acceptable the image, the higher the points. Based on the results, the level of radiographic competence in terms of respondents skills will be categorized as follows depending on their mean score: Points Obtained Qualitative Description 10 Very high level of radiographic skills 7-9 High level of radiographic skills 4-6 Moderately low level of radiographic skills 1-3 Low level of radiographic skills Low level of radiographic skills means that the respondents were not able to perform the appropriate exposure techniques and came up with an unacceptable radiograph. Moderately low level of radiographic skills me

The Political Animal :: essays research papers

Much time has been devoted to the study of how and why governments exist. This effort is required to understand America's political and philosophical roots. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pursued and ultimately answered this question in his work, The Politics. Though written thousands of years ago, the lessons taught about the natural state of politics reveal the immensely complex system of an organized civil government in modern United States. Perhaps one of the most profound thoughts revealed in The Politics concerns the origin and nature of basic government, the cities. "Hence it is evident that a city is a natural production, and that man is naturally a political animal" (Aristotle 1253a). Aristotle's line from The Politics exemplifies two distinct but related points. The first part states that the formation of cities is natural and the second deals with the idea that man is by his own nature, a political being. At the beginning of The Politics, Aristotle says, "every city must be allowed to be the work of nature, if we admit that the original society between male and female is; for to this as their end all subordinate societies tend, and the end of everything is the nature of it"(1253b). Each city begins as a collection of partnerships. These associations are the Sugawara 2 bonds that men create between each other as a result of their natural tendency to be social and interact, "there is then in all persons a natural impetus to associate with each other" (1253a). Partnerships are natural because man is not inclined to be self-sufficient on his own merits. A man cannot exist merely for his own sake and expect to be a functioning member of the city but must be supplemented through the thoughts and ideas of other men. A man must experience interaction with others to more fully complete his existence. This supplementation is the essence of partnerships because dealing with other men increases each man's own wholeness. Furthermore, by listening to the thoughts and ideas of other men, he is furthering his own proclivity, enabling him to be active in the city and therefore, becoming a human being. It is only through the city, however, that man can truly be complete because it reaches a level of full self-sufficiency. The collection of partnerships that comprise the city makes men into complete human beings and assists them on their way to happiness, "the end and perfection of government: first founded that we might live, but continued that we may live happily"(1252b). This is a level of excellence for man because it means that he will not only survive but will thrive after becoming fully human and therefore happy.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Black Civil Rights in America

The civil rights movement comprised efforts of grassroots activists and national leaders to obtain for African Americans the basic rights guaranteed to American citizens in the Constitution. The key players in succeeding with the civil rights movement were the soldiers returning from the war, Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and the anti-Vietnam War activists. During the civil rights movement, nearly every African American had experienced segregation at lunch stands. In a Journal by Melvin Small, she stated, â€Å"Just as with the segregated buses in Montgomery, Alabama the African-American community, especially the segment of college students, had once again reached its saturation point of inequality (Small).† To uphold the nonviolent protest issued by King, college students throughout the South nonviolent sat the lunch counters of various segregated variety stores (Pike). It was not an easy task because these students were confronted with great difficulty. They endured tear gas, police guns, arrests and jail sentences which were all in the name of justice (Pike). A lot of students were dismissed from school for their contribution in the movement. Whole student bodies at several of the colleges marched out in protest, withstanding the intimidation of the police force. Again, King’s belief in the power of unity was exemplifie d. The movement gained national attention. With this, city officials tried to divert its focus. They accused King for perjury. King faced at least ten years in prison. Although the attempt was unsuccessful and King was found not guilty, the movement did not falter. The sit-in movement, specifically nonviolent resistance, was a great success. Integration w... ...he black community. It was not easy for King and others to take the stand that they faced but without a doubt, worked together for the good of the country. Works Cited Hall, Mitchell K. "The Vietnam Era Antiwar Movement." Organization of American Historians 18.5 (2004): 13-17. Print. Höhn, Maria, and Martin Klimke. A Breath of Freedom: the Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Oregon: Oregon Volunteers, 2005. Print. Pike, Brett. "DISCRIMINATION AGAINST AFRICAN AMERICAN SOLDIERS IN WORLD WAR II: RACIAL POLICIES AND THE MARCH TO DESEGREGATION." Apr.-May 2011. Web. Shawki, Ahmed. Black Liberation and Socialism. Chicago, IL: Haymarket, 2006. Print. Smalll, Melvin. "Journal of Peace Research." Sage Publications, Ltd. 24.2 (1987). Print.

Immunitarian Democracy :: Democracy Politics Community

Immunitarian Democracy 1. Does "community" refer to democracy? If not, could it or is it too deeply embedded in the conceptual lexicon of the Romantic, authoritarian and racist Right? This is the question, one already asked by American neo-communitarianism, that is emerging again in Europe at the precise moment when, some, especially in France and in Italy, are risking thinking community anew. At issue is not only a legitimate question, but in some ways even an inevitable one, in which democractic culture deeply examines its own theoretical precepts and future. This doesn't change the fact though that it's the wrong question or that it's badly put. Wrong or badly put because it takes as its term of comparison -- in order to be related to the category of community - a concept, that of democracy that is utterly incapable of "understanding" it, not only because its modern meaning at least, arrives much later, but also because it is flatter and increasingly overwhelmed in a dimension that is entirely political and institutional. With respect to this lack of depth and substance of the politicological notion of democracy, community has a very different semantic width, both on the vertical level of history and on the synchronic one of meaning. This isn't the place to attempt a complete reconstruction, though my recent research beginning with the etymological origins of the term communitas and even more before that of munus in Latin does confirm the historical and semantic richness of the concept (R. Esposito, 1998). What we can infer from the above discussion, however, is that the correct question isn't whether the community can become a part of the democratic lexicon, but whether even democracy can be a part or at a minimum acquire some of its meaning in the lexicon of community. Without wanting to show my hand too quickly, a first step is required, which focuses more on the second term. Here we aren't helped at all by the conceptual dichotomies with which 20th century philosophy has tried to define comm unity, one that lost along the way the original meaning of community. I'm not talking only of the one constructed by the so-called American communitarians with respect to their presumed adversaries, the liberals, who constitute rather their exact interface in the specific sense that they unconsciously share the same subjectivist as well as exclusively partisan lexicon, applied not to the community but to the individual (where communities like individuals are distinguished between them, one from the other).

Financial statement analysis Essay

1. What is the purpose of financial statement analysis? The purpose of financial statement analysis is to provide information used by the business, potential creditors and investors. 2. If a company had sales of $2,587,643 in 1998 and sales of $3,213,456 in 2003, by what percentage did sales change during this time period? 24.18% a. If the company had a goal of increasing sales by 25% over a five-year period, did it meet its objectives? No b. If the company had set a goal of increasing sales by 28% during the next five years, what should be the sales goal for 2008? 4,113,223.68 3. List and briefly describe the five categories of business ratios. a. Liquidity ratios: Used to determine the company’s ability to pay off short-term debts. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/liquidityratios.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) b. Activity ratios: The ability to convert different accounts into cash or sales (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/activityratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) c. Leverage ratios: Used to get an idea of a company’s method of finance or measures it’s ability to meet financial obligations. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/leverageratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) d. Market ratios: A ratio of a company’s book value to the market value. (http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Book-to-Market+Ratio) 4. Why might a company have a high current ratio but a low quick ratio (acid test ratio)? A company may encounter this when the current assets are dependent on inventory. (http://www.investopedia.com/university/ratios/liquidity-measurement/ratio2.a sp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) 5. If a company has beginning inventory of $30,000 and ending inventory of $55,000, compute its average inventory. If the cost of goods sold is $140,000, compute its inventory turnover and determine how many days the average item is in stock. The average inventory would be 42,500, and average days item is in stock 110.8 days. (http://smallbusiness.chron.com/calculate-inventory-conversion-period-11197.html) 6. A company computes its accounts receivable turnover to be 20. Based on this information, find the average collection period. If the company has a credit collection period of 30 days, explain the relationship between the credit collection period and the average collection period. Average collection period is 18.25. The relationship between the credit collection period and the average collection period is very good for this company. This company will receive payments owed to them prior to them having to pay whom they owe. (http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Ratio-Analysis.topicArticleId-21248,articleId-21213.html (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/average_collection_period.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) 7. A company finds that its fixed asset turnover (net sales/fixed assets) has fallen below one. What does this indicate? 8. If a company has $181,000 in total liabilities and $225,000 in total assets, what percentage of total assets is being financed with the use of other people’s money? 80.4 (http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Ratio-Analysis.topicArticleId-21248,articleId-21213.html) 9. Distinguish between gross profit margin, operating profit margin, and net profit margin and provide the formula for each ratio. (http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/ratio-analysis/gross-profit-margin-2076) 10. Why is the operating return on assets ratio also referred to as the operating return on investment? The interest expenseis added to ignore the costs associated with funding those assets. ( http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnonassets.asp#ixzz2LZMFaFbY) 11. If a company’s stock is currently selling for $12 per share and its price/earnings ratio is 6, what are its earnings per share? 2 dollars What does this figure mean? This figure shows that on the market the shares are selling for $12 per share for stock in this company that’s net earning $2.00 per share of stock outstanding. (http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/price-earningsratio.asp#axzz2LMPGyktQ) PE Ratio = Market Price / Earnings per share 6 = $12/Earnings per share Earnings per share = $12/6 = $2.00 12. Compare efficiency and effectiveness. 13. What is the difference between accounting profit and entrepreneurial profit? 14. What financial ratio is predominantly used to determine profitability? 15. Describe the earning power of a company. 16. How is financial leverage related to bankruptcy? 17. Compare Chapter 11 bankruptcy with Chapter 7 bankruptcy. What is the relationship among fixed costs, contribution margin, and the break-even point?